The SPX2945/46/47 is a low power voltage regulator. This device is an excellent choice for use in battery-powered applications such
as cordless telephones, radio control systems, and portable computers. The SPX2945/46/47 features very low quiescent current
(100µA Typ.) and very low dropout voltage. This includes a tight initial tolerance of 1% max and very low output temperature
coefficient, making the SPX2945/46/47 useful as a low-power voltage reference.
The error flag output feature is used as power-on reset for warning of a low output voltage, due to a falling voltage input of batteries.
Another feature is the logic-compatible shutdown input which enables the regulator to be switched on and off. The SPX2945/46/47 is
offered in 3-pin and 5-pin TO-220 package, SO-8 (same pin out as SPX2951), SOT-223, and surface mount TO-263 packages.
The regulator output voltage (of the 8-pin SO-8 and 5-pin TO-220 & TO-263) may be pin-strapped for a 3.3V and 5.0V or
programmed from 1.24V to 29V with an external pair of resistors. Look for SPX2951 for 150mA, SPX2954 for 250mA and SPX2955
for 350mA applications.
PIN CONNECTIONS
TO-263-5 (T)
Five Lead Package Pin Functions:
SPX2946
SPX2947
1) ERROR
2) SHUTDOWN
3) GND
4) V
IN
TO-220-5 (U)
TO-220-3 (U)
TO-263-3 (T)
TO-252 (R)
V
OUT
8-Pin Surface Mount (S)
SOT-223 (M3)
V
IN
FEEDBACK
5V/ 3.3V TAP
SPX2946/47
1 2 3 4 5
1) ERROR
2) V
IN
3) GND
4) V
OUT
1
2
3
4
8
7
SPX2945
SPX2946/47
1 2 3 4 5
SPX2945
3
1
2
3
SPX2945
1
2
3
SENSE
SHUTDOWN
GND
SPX2945
1
2
3
1
2
SPX2945
6
5
5) SHUTDOWN 5) V
OUT
ERROR
V
IN
GND V
OUT
V
IN
GND V
OUT
V
IN
GND
V
IN
GND V
OUT
V
OUT
Top View
Front View
Front View
Top View
Top View
Top View
Top View
Rev. 10/25/00
SPX2945/46/47
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Power Dissipation..........................................Internally Limited
Lead Temp. (Soldering, 5 Seconds) ................................ 260°C
Storage Temperature Range .............................. -65° to +150°C
Operating Junction Temperature Range (Note 9)
SPX2945/46/47...................................... -40C° to +125°C
ESD Rating ................................................................ 2KV Min
Operating Supply Voltage .........................................................
Input Supply Voltage .....................................+3.0V to +60V
Feedback Input Voltage ..................................-1.5V to +30V
Shutdown Input Voltage..................................-0.3V to +30V
Error Comparator Output ................................-0.3V to +30V
ESD Rating ............................................................ 2KV Min
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
at V
IN
=V
OUT
±15V,T
A
=25°C, unless otherwise specified.
Boldface
applies over the
full operating temperature range.
PARAMETER
3.3V Version
Output Voltage
1mA
≤I
L
≤
500mA
5.0V Version
Output Voltage
1mA
≤I
L
≤
500mA
All Voltage Options
Output Voltage
Temperature Coefficient
Line Regulation ( Note 3)
Load Regulation ( Note 3 )
Dropout Voltage
( Note 5 )
Ground Current
CONDITIONS
(Note 2)
Typ.
3.3
3.3
5.0
5.0
20
(Note 1)
6V
≤
V
IN
≤30V
(Note 4)
I
L
= 1 to 500mA
I
L
= 0.1 to 1mA
I
L
= 1mA
I
L
= 500mA
I
L
= 1mA
I
L
= 150mA
I
L
= 300mA
I
L
= 500mA
Current Limit
Thermal Regulation
Output Noise, 10Hz to 100kHz
I
L
= 100mA
Adjustable Versions only
Reference Voltage
Reference Voltage
Feedback Pin Bias Current
Reference Voltage Temperature
Coefficient
Feedback Pin Bias Current
Temperature Coefficient
V
OUT
= 0
0.05
400
260
Typ
1.235
0.03
0.04
60
350
50
0.5
4
5
SPX2945/46
Min
Max
3.267
3.217
3.333
3.382
UNITS
V
4.950
5.050
4.880
5.120
SPX2945/46/47
100
0.1
0.40
0.20
0.30
100
150
400
500
100
150
1
2
8
10
10
15
700
800
0.2
V
ppm/°C
%max
%max
mV
µA
mA
mA
%/w
µV
Vrms
V
V
nA
ppm/°C
nA/°C
C
L
= 2.2µF
C
L
= 33µF
Over Temperature (Note 6)
20
(Note 7)
50
0.1
SPX2945/47
1.210
1.260
1.200
1.270
1.185
1.285
40
60
Rev. 10/25/00
SPX2945/46/47
(Continued)
PARAMETER
Output Leakage Current
Output Low Voltage
Upper Threshold Voltage
Lower Threshold Voltage
Hysteresis
Input logic Voltage
Shut down Pin Input Current
CONDITIONS
(Note 2)
V
0H
= 30V
V
IN
= 4.5V
I
0L
= 400µA
(Note 8)
(Note 8)
(Note 8)
Low (Regulator ON)
High (Regulator OFF)
V
S
= 2.4V
V
S
= 30V
Regulator Output Current in Shutdown
Typ.
0.01
150
60
75
15
0.7
1.3
30
450
3
10
20
2.0
50
100
600
750
µA
SPX2945/46/47
Min
Max
1.00
2.00
250
400
40
25
95
140
UNITS
µA
mV
mV
mV
mV
V
µA
Note 1:
Output or reference voltage temperature coefficients defined as the worst case voltage change divided by the total temperature range.
Note 2:
Unless otherwise specified all limits are guaranteed for T
j
= 25°C, V
IN
= 6V, I
L
= 100µA and C
L
= 1µF. Additional conditions for the 8-pin versions are
feedback tied to 5V tap and output tied to output sense (V
OUT
= 5V) and V
SHUTDOWN
≤
0.8V.
Note 3:
Regulation is measured at constant junction temperature, using pulse testing with a low duty cycle. Changes in output voltage due to heating effects are
covered under the specification for thermal regulation.
Note 4:
Line regulation for the SPX2945/46/47 is tested at 150°C for I
L
= 1 mA. For I
L
= 100µA and T
J
= 125°C, line regulation is guaranteed by design to 0.2%. See
typical performance characteristics for line regulation versus temperature and load current.
Note 5:
Dropout voltage is defined as the input to output differential at which the output voltage drops 100 mV below its nominal value measured at 1V differential at
very low values of programmed output voltage, the minimum input supply voltage of 2V ( 2.3V over temperature) must be taken into account.
Note 6:
V
REF
≤V
OUT
≤
(Vin - 1V), 2.3
≤Vin≤30V,
100µA≤I
L
≤
250 mA, T
J
≤
T
JMAX
.
Note 7:
Comparator thresholds are expressed in terms of a voltage differential at the feedback terminal below the nominal reference voltage measured at 6V input. To
express these thresholds in terms of output voltage change, multiply by the error amplifier gain = V
OUT
/V
REF
= (R1 + R2)/R2. For example, at a programmed output
voltage of 5V, the Error output is guaranteed to go low when the output drops by 95 mV x 5V/1.235 = 384 mV. Thresholds remain constant as a percent of V
OUT
as
V
OUT
is varied, with the dropout warning occurring at typically 5% below nominal, 7.5% guaranteed.
Note 8:
V
SHUTDOWN
≥
2V, V
IN
≤
30V, V
OUT
=0, Feedback pin tied to 5V Tap.
Note 9:
The junction -to-ambient thermal resistance of the TO-92 package is 180°C/ W with 0.4” leads and 160°C/ W with 0.25” leads to a PC board.
The thermal resistance of the 8-Pin DIP package is 105°C/W junction-to-ambient when soldered directly to a PC board. Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance for the
SOIC (S) package is 160°C/W.
UNREGULATED DC
7
FEEDBACK
8
INPUT
1
OUTPUT
2
SENSE
+
_
FROM
CMOS OR
TTL
3
SHUTDOWN
60k
Ω
..
180k
Ω
..
ERROR
AMPLIFIER
6
5V TAP
+
5
______
ERROR
1µF
TO CMOS OR
TTL
4
REFERENCE
GROUND
330k
Ω
..
5V @ 500mA
MAX
+
+
60 mV
+ 1.23V
+
_
ERROR DETECTION
COMPARATOR
SPX2945/46/47 Block Diagram
Rev. 10/25/00
SPX2945/46/47
APPLICATION HINTS
EXTERNAL CAPACITORS
The stability of the SPX2945/46/47 requires a 2.2µF or greater
capacitor between output and ground. Oscillation could occur
without this capacitor. Most types of tantalum or aluminum
electrolytic works fine here. For operations of below -25°C solid
tantalum is recommended since the many aluminum types have
electrolytes the freeze at about -30°C. The ESR of about 5Ω or
less and resonant frequency above 500kHz are the most
important parameters in the value of the capacitor. The capacitor
value can be increased without limit.
At lower values of output current, less output capacitance is
required for stability. For the currents below 10mA the value of
the capacitor can be reduced to 0.5µF and 0.15µF for 1mA. More
output capacitance needed for the 8-pin version at voltages below
5V since it runs the error amplifier at lower gain. At worst case
5µF or greater must be used for the condition of 250mA load at
1.23V output.
The SPX2945/46/47, unlike other low dropout regulators will
remain stable and in regulation with no load in addition to the
internal voltage divider. This feature is especially important in
application like CMOS RAM keep-alive. When setting the output
voltage of the SPX2945/46/47, a minimum load of 10mA is
recommended.
If there is more than 10 inches of wire between the input and the
AC filter capacitor or if a battery is used as the input then a 0.1µF
tantalum or aluminum electrolytic capacitor should be placed
from the input to the ground.
Instability can occur if there is stray capacitance to the
SPX2945/46/47 feedback terminal (pin 7). This could cause
more problems when using a higher value of external resistors to
set the output voltage.
This problem can be fixed by adding a 100pF capacitor between
output and feedback and increasing the output capacitor to at least
3.3µF.
ERROR DETECTION COMPARATOR OUTPUT
The Comparator produces a logic low output whenever the
SPX2945/46/47 output falls out of regulation by more than around
5%. This is around 60mV offset divided by the 1.235 reference
voltage. This trip level remains 5% below normal regardless of the
programmed output voltage of the regulator. Figure 1 shows the
timing diagram depicting the ERROR signal and the regulator output
voltage as the SPX2945/46/47 input is ramped up and down. The
ERROR signal becomes low at around 1.3V input, and goes high
around 5V input (input voltage at which Vout = 4.75). Since the
SPX2945/46/47’s dropout voltage is load dependent, the input voltage
trip point (around 5V) will vary with the load current. The output
voltage trip point (approx. 4.75V) does not vary with load.
The error comparator has an open-collector output, which requires an
external pull-up resistor. Depending on the system requirements the
resistor may be returned to 5V output or other supply voltage. In
determining the value of this resistor, note that the output is rated to
sink 400µA, this value adds to battery drain in a low battery
condition. Suggested values range from 100K to 1MΩ. If the output
is unused this resistor is not required.
PROGRAMMING THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF
SPX2945/46/47
The SPX2945/46/47 may be pin-strapped for 5V using its internal
voltage divider by tying Pin 1 (output) to Pin 2 (sense) and Pin 7
(feedback) to Pin 6 (5V Tap).
+V
IN
4 .7 5 V
100K
O U T PU T
V OL TA GE
_______
ERRO R*
8
5
ERROR
OUTPUT
______
ERROR
+V
IN
V
OUT
1
1.2 to 29V
SPX2945
+
SHUTDOWN
INPUT
3
SD
GND
4
R
1
FB
7
10uF
.01uF
+
5 .0 V
IN P U T
V OL TA GE
+
1 .3 V
+
+
1.23V
V
REF
R
2
* S e e A p p lica tio n In fo .
_______
F ig u r e 1 . E R R O R O u tp u t T im in g
Figure 2. Adjustable Regulator
Rev. 10/25/00
SPX2945/46/47
Also, it may be programmed for any output voltage between its
1.235V reference and its 30V maximum rating. As seen in
Figure 2, an external pair of resistors is required.
Refer to the below equation for the programming of the output
voltage::
V
OUT
= V
REF
×
( 1 + R
1
/ R
2
)+ I
FB
R
1
The V
REF
is 1.235 and I
FB
is the feedback bias current, nominally
-20nA. The minimum recommended load current of 1
µA
forces
an upper limit of 1.2 MΩ on value of R
2
. If no load is presented
the I
FB
produces an error of typically 2% in V
OUT
, which may be
eliminated at room temperature by trimming R
1
. To improve the
accuracy choose the value of R2 = 100k this reduces the error by
0.17% and increases the resistor program current by 12µA. Since
the SPX2945/46/47 typically draws 60
µA
at no load with Pin 2
open-circuited this is a small price to pay
REDUCING OUTPUT NOISE
It may be an advantage to reduce the AC noise present at the output.
One way is to reduce the regulator bandwidth by increasing the size of
the output capacitor. This is the only way that noise can be reduced
on the 3 lead SPX2945/46/47 but is relatively inefficient, as
increasing the capacitor from 1µF to 220µF only decreases the noise
from 430µV to 160µV Vrms for a 100kHz bandwidth at 5V output.
Noise could also be reduced fourfold by a bypass capacitor across R
1
,
since it reduces the high frequency gain from 4 to unity. Pick
C
BYPASS
≅
1 / 2πR
1
×
200 Hz
or choose 0.01µF. When doing this, the output capacitor must be
increased to 3.3µF to maintain stability. These changes reduce the
output noise from 430µV to 100µV Vrms for a 100kHz bandwidth at
5V output. With the bypass capacitor added, noise no longer scales
with output voltage so that improvements are more dramatic at higher
output voltages.
HEAT SINK REQUIREMENTS
Depending on the maximum ambient temperature and maximum
power dissipation a heat sink may be required with the
SPX2945/46/47. The junction temperature range has to be within
the range specified under Absolute Maximum Ratings under all
possible operating conditions. To find out if a heat sink is
required, the maximum power dissipation of the device needs to
be calculated. This is the maximum specific AC voltage that
must be taken into consideration at input. Figure 3 shows the
condition and power dissipation which should be calculated with
the following formula:
P
TOTAL
= (V
IN
- 5) I
L
+ (V
IN
)I
G
Next step is to calculate the temperature rise T
R
(max). T
J
(max)
maximum allowable junction temperature, T
A
(max) maximum
ambient temperature :
T
R
(max) = T
J
(max) - T
A
(max)
Junction to ambient thermal resistance
θ
(j-A)
can be calculated
after determining of P
TOTAL &
T
R
(max):
θ
(J-A)
= T
R
(max)/P
(max)
If the
θ
(J-A)
is 60°C/W or higher, the device could be operated
without a heat sink. If the value is below 60°C/W then the heat
sink is required and the thermal resistance of the heat sink can be
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