19-4420; Rev 1; 6/09
KIT
ATION
EVALU
BLE
AVAILA
Ultrasound VGA Integrated
with CW Octal Mixer
General Description
Features
o
8-Channel Configuration
o
High Integration for Ultrasound Imaging
Applications
o
Pin Compatible with the MAX2035 Ultrasound
VGA
VGA Features
o
Maximum Gain, Gain Range, and Output-Referred
Noise Optimized for Interfacing with 10-Bit ADCs
Maximum Gain of 39.5dB
Total Gain Range of 50dB
60nV/
√
Hz
Ultra-Low Output-Referred Noise at
5MHz
o
±0.5dB Absolute Gain Error
o
120mW Consumption per Channel
o
Switchable Output VGA Clamp Eliminating ADC
Overdrive
o
Fully Differential VGA Outputs for Direct ADC
Drive
o
Variable Gain Range Achieves 50dB Dynamic
Range
o
-62dBc HD2 at V
OUT
= 1.5V
P-P
and f
IN
= 5MHz
o
Two-Tone Ultrasound-Specific* IMD3 of -52dBc at
V
OUT
= 1.5V
P-P
and f
IN
= 5MHz
CWD Mixer Features
o
Low Mixer Noise of -155dBc/Hz at 1kHz Offset
from 1.25MHz Carrier
o
Serial-Programmable LO Phase Generator for 4, 8,
16 LO Quadrature Phase Resolution
o
Optional Individual Channel 4 x f
LO
LO Input
Drive Capability
o
269mW Power Consumption per Channel (Normal
Power Mode) and 226mW Power Consumption
per Channel (Low-Power Mode)
o
CWD Implementation Is Fully Compliant with All
Patents Related to Ultrasound Imaging
Techniques
MAX2036
The MAX2036 8-channel variable-gain amplifier (VGA)
and programmable octal mixer array is designed for
high linearity, high dynamic range, and low-noise per-
formance targeting ultrasound imaging and Doppler
applications. Each amplifier features differential inputs
and outputs and a total gain range of 50dB (typ). In
addition, the VGAs offer very low output-referred noise
performance suitable for interfacing with 10-bit ADCs.
The MAX2036 VGA is optimized for less than ±0.5dB
absolute gain error to ensure minimal channel-to-channel
ultrasound beamforming focus error. The device’s differ-
ential outputs are designed to directly drive ultrasound
ADCs through an external passive anti-aliasing filter. A
switchable clamp is also provided at each amplifier’s
output to limit the output signals, thereby preventing
ADC overdrive or saturation.
Dynamic performance of the device is optimized to
reduce distortion to support second-harmonic imaging.
The device achieves a second-harmonic distortion
specification of -62dBc at V
OUT
= 1.5V
P-P
and f
IN
=
5MHz, and an ultrasound-specific* two-tone third-order
intermodulation distortion specification of -52dBc at
V
OUT
= 1.5V
P-P
and f
IN
= 5MHz.
The MAX2036 also integrates an octal quadrature mixer
array and programmable LO phase generators for a
complete CW beamforming solution. The LO phase
selection for each channel can be programmed using a
digital serial interface and a single high-frequency
clock or the LOs for each complex mixer pair can be
directly driven using separate 4 x LO clocks. The serial
interface is designed to allow multiple devices to be
easily daisy-chained in order to minimize program inter-
face wiring. The LO phase dividers can be pro-
grammed to allow 4, 8, or 16 quadrature phases. The
input path of each CW mixer consists of a selectable
lowpass filter for optimal CWD noise performance. The
outputs of the mixers are summed into I and Q differen-
tial current outputs. The mixers and LO generators are
designed to have exceptionally low noise performance
of -155dBc/Hz at 1kHz offset from a 1.25MHz carrier.
The MAX2036 operates from a +5.0V power supply,
consuming only 120mW/channel in VGA mode and
269mW/channel in normal power CW mode. A low-
power CW mode is also available and consumes only
226mW/channel. The device is available in a lead-free
100-pin TQFP package (14mm x 14mm) with an
exposed pad. Electrical performance is guaranteed
over a 0°C to +70°C temperature range.
Ordering Information
PART
MAX2036CCQ+D
MAX2036CCQ+TD
TEMP RANGE
0°C to +70°C
0°C to +70°C
PIN-PACKAGE
100 TQFP-EP
†
100 TQFP-EP
†
+Denotes
a lead(Pb)-free/RoHS-compliant package.
T = Tape and reel.
D = Dry packing.
†
EP = Exposed pad.
*See
the Ultrasound-Specific IMD3 Specification in the
Applications Information section.
Pin Configuration appears at end of data sheet.
1
Applications
Ultrasound Imaging
Sonar
________________________________________________________________
Maxim Integrated Products
For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim Direct at 1-888-629-4642,
or visit Maxim’s website at www.maxim-ic.com.
Ultrasound VGA Integrated
with CW Octal Mixer
MAX2036
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
V
CC
, V
REF
to GND .................................................-0.3V to +5.5V
Any Other Pins to GND...............................-0.3V to (V
CC
+ 0.3V)
CW Mixer Output Voltage to GND (CW_IOUT+, CW_IOUT-,
CW_QOUT+, CW_QOUT-) ................................................13V
VGA Differential Input Voltage (VGIN_+, VGIN_-)............8.0V
P-P
Analog Gain Control Differential Input Voltage
(VG_CTL+, VG_CTL-) ..................................................8.0V
P-P
CW Mixer Differential Input Voltage
(CWIN_+, CWIN_-).......................................................8.0V
P-P
CW Mixer LVDS LO Differential Input Voltage..................8.0V
P-P
Continuous Power Dissipation (T
A
= +70°C)
100-Pin TQFP (derated 45.5mW/°C above +70°C)..3636.4mW
Operating Temperature Range...............................0°C to +70°C
Junction Temperature ......................................................+150°C
θ
JC
(Note 1) .....................................................................+2°C/W
θ
JA
(Note 1)....................................................................+22°C/W
Storage Temperature Range .............................-40°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) .................................+300°C
Note 1:
Package thermal resistances were obtained using the method described in JEDEC specification JESD51-7, using a four-
layer board. For detailed information on package thermal considerations, refer to
www.maxim-ic.com/thermal-tutorial.
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional
operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to
absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—VGA MODE
(Figure 7, V
CC
= V
REF
= 4.75V to 5.25V, V
CM
= (3/5)V
REF
, T
A
= 0°C to +70°C, V
GND
= 0V, LOW_PWR = 0, M4_EN = 0, CW_FILTER =
0 or 1, TEST_MODE = 0, PD = 0, CW_VG = 1, CW_M1 = 0, CW_M2 = 0, no RF signals applied, capacitance to GND at each of the
VGA differential outputs is 60pF, differential capacitance across the VGA outputs is 10pF, R
L
= 1kΩ, CW mixer outputs pulled up to
+11V through four separate ±0.1% 115Ω resistors, all CW channels programmed off. Typical values are at V
CC
= V
REF
= 5V, T
A
=
+25°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 2)
PARAMETER
VGA MODE
Supply Voltage Range
V
CC
External Reference Voltage
Range
Total Power-Supply Current
V
CC
Supply Current
V
REF
Current
Current Consumption per
Amplifier Channel
Differential Analog Control
Voltage Range
Differential Analog Control
Common-Mode Voltage
Analog Control Input Source/Sink
Current
LOGIC INPUTS
CMOS Input High Voltage
CMOS Input Low Voltage
V
IH
V
IL
2.3
0.8
V
V
V
CM
I
VCC
I
REF
Refers to V
CC
supply current
Minimum gain
Maximum gain
2.85
V
CC
V
REF
(Note 3)
Refers to V
CC
supply
current plus V
REF
current
PD = 0
PD =1
4.75
4.75
5
5
204
27
192
12
24
+2
-2
3
4.5
3.15
5
5.25
5.25
231
33
216
15
27
V
V
mA
mA
mA
mA
V
P-P
V
mA
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
2
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Ultrasound VGA Integrated
with CW Octal Mixer
DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—CM MIXER MODE
(Figure 7, V
CC
= V
REF
= 4.75V to 5.25V, T
A
= 0°C to +70°C, V
GND
= 0V, LOW_PWR = 0, M4_EN = 0, CW_FILTER = 0 or 1,
TEST_MODE = 0, PD = 0, CW_VG = 0, CW_M1 = 0, CW_M2 = 0, no RF signals applied, capacitance to GND at each of the VGA dif-
ferential outputs is 60pF, differential capacitance across the VGA outputs is 10pF, R
L
= 1kΩ, CW mixer outputs pulled up to +11V
through four separate ±0.1% 115Ω resistors. Typical values are at V
CC
= V
REF
= 5V, T
A
= +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 2)
PARAMETER
CW MIXER MODE
Current in Full-Power Mode
5V V
CC
Supply
Current in Full-Power Mode
11V V
MIX
Supply
Current in Full-Power Mode
5V V
REF
Supply
Power Dissipation in Full-Power
Mode
Current in Low-Power Mode
5V V
CC
Supply
Current in Low-Power Mode
11V V
MIX
Supply
Current in Low-Power Mode
5V V
REF
Supply
Power Dissipation in Low-Power
Mode
Mixer LVDS LO Input Common-
Mode Voltage
LVDS LO Differential Input
Voltage
LVDS LO Input Common-Mode
Current
LVDS LO Differential Input
Resistance
Mixer IF Common-Mode Output
Current
DATA Output High Voltage
DATA Output Low Voltage
I
CC_FP
I
MIX
_
FP
I
REF_FP
Refers to V
CC
supply current (all 8 channels)
Refers to V
MIX
supply current (all 8 channels)
Refers to V
REF
supply current (all 8 channels)
Total power dissipation (all 8 channels
including both 5V (V
CC
and V
REF
) and 11V
mixer pullup supply power dissipation in the
device) (Note 4)
LOW_PWR = 1; refers to V
CC
supply
current (all 8 channels)
LOW_PWR = 1; refers to V
MIX
supply
current (all 8 channels)
LOW_PWR = 1; refers to V
REF
supply
current (all 8 channels)
LOW_PWR = 1; total power dissipation (all 8
channels including both 5V (V
CC
and V
REF
)
and 11V mixer pullup supply power
dissipation in the device) (Note 4)
Modes 1 and 2 (Note 5)
Modes 1 and 2
Per pin
Modes 1 and 2 (Note 6)
Common-mode current in each of the
differential mixer outputs (Note 7)
DOUT voltage when terminated in DIN
(daisy chain) (Note 8)
DOUT voltage when terminated in DIN
(daisy chain) (Note 8)
4.5
0.5
200
245
106
17
265
120
21
mA
mA
mA
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
MAX2036
P
DISS_FP
2.15
2.41
W
I
CC_LP
I
MIX_LP
I
REF_LP
245
53
17
265
60
21
mA
mA
mA
P
DISS_LP
1.81
2.06
W
1.25
±0.2
700
150
30
3.25
3.75
200
V
mV
P-P
µA
kΩ
mA
V
V
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3
Ultrasound VGA Integrated
with CW Octal Mixer
MAX2036
AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—VGA MODE
(Figure 7, V
CC
= V
REF
= 4.75V to 5.25V, V
CM
= (3/5)V
REF
, T
A
= 0°C to +70°C, V
GND
= 0V, LOW_PWR = 0, M4_EN = 0, CW_FILTER =
1, TEST_MODE = 0, PD = 0, CW_VG = 1, CW_M1 = 0, CW_M2 = 0, VG_CLAMP_MODE = 1, f
RF
= f
LO
/16 = 5MHz, capacitance to
GND at each of the VGA differential outputs is 60pF, differential capacitance across the VGA outputs is 10pF, R
L
= 1kΩ, CW mixer out-
puts pulled up to +11V through four separate ±0.1% 115Ω resistors, differential mixer inputs are driven from a low-impedance source.
Typical values are at V
CC
= V
REF
= 5V, T
A
= +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 2)
PARAMETER
Mode Select Response Time
VGA MODE
Differential output
capacitance is 10pF,
capacitance to GND at
each single-ended output
is 60pF, R
L
= 1kΩ
No capacitive load,
R
L
= 1kΩ
Differential Input Resistance
Input Effective Capacitance
Differential Output Resistance
Maximum Gain
Minimum Gain
Gain Range
T
A
= +25°C, -2.0V < VG_CTL < -1.8V,
V
REF
= 5V
Absolute Gain Error
T
A
= +25°C, -1.8V < VG_CTL < +1.2V,
V
REF
= 5V
T
A
= +25°C, +1.2V < VG_CTL < +2.0V,
V
REF
= 5V
VGA Gain Response Time
Input-Referred Noise
Output-Referred Noise
50dB gain change to within 1dB final value
VG_CTL set for maximum gain, no input signal
VG_CTL set for
+20dB of gain
No input signal
V
OUT
= 1.5V
P-P
,
1kHz offset
-55
R
IN
C
IN
R
OUT
f
RF
= 10MHz, each input to ground
170
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
CW_VG set from logic 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1
(Note 9)
MIN
TYP
2
MAX
UNITS
µs
Large-Signal Bandwidth
f-3dB
V
OUT
= 1.5V
P-P
,
3dB bandwidth,
gain = 20dB
17
MHz
22
200
15
100
39.5
-10.5
50
±0.6
±0.5
±1.2
1
2
60
120
nV/√Hz
µs
nV/√Hz
dB
230
Ω
pF
Ω
dB
dB
dB
Second Harmonic
HD2
VG_CLAMP_MODE = 1,
VG_CTL set for +20dB of gain,
f
RF
= 5MHz, V
OUT
= 1.5V
P-P
VG_CLAMP_MODE = 1,
VG_CTL set for +20dB of gain,
f
RF
= 10MHz, V
OUT
= 1.5V
P-P
VG_CTL set for +20dB of gain,
f
RF1
= 5MHz, f
RF2
= 5.01MHz,
V
OUT
= 1.5V
P-P
, V
REF
= 5V (Note 3)
V
OUT
= 1V
P-P
differential, f
RF
= 10MHz,
VG_CTL set for +20dB of gain
-62
dBc
-62
Third-Order Intermodulation
Distortion
Channel-to-Channel Crosstalk
IMD3
-40
-52
dBc
-80
dB
4
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Ultrasound VGA Integrated
with CW Octal Mixer
AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—CW MIXER MODE (continued)
(Figure 7, V
CC
= V
REF
= 4.75V to 5.25V, T
A
= 0°C to +70°C, V
GND
= 0V, LOW_PWR = 0, M4_EN = 0, CW_FILTER = 1, TEST_MODE =
0, PD = 0, CW_VG = 0, CW_M1 = 0, CW_M2 = 0, VG_CLAMP_MODE = 1, f
RF
= f
LO
/16 = 5MHz, capacitance to GND at each of the
VGA differential outputs is 60pF, differential capacitance across the VGA outputs is 10pF, R
L
= 1kΩ, CW mixer outputs pulled up to
+11V through four separate ±0.1% 115Ω resistors, differential mixer inputs are driven from a low-impedance source. Typical values
are at V
CC
= V
REF
= 5V, T
A
= +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 2)
PARAMETER
Maximum Output Voltage at
Clamp ON
Maximum Output Voltage at
Clamp OFF
CW MIXER MODE
Mixer RF Frequency Range
Mixer LO Frequency Range
Mixer IF Frequency Range
Maximum Input Voltage Range
Differential Input Resistance
CW_FILTER = 0
CW_FILTER = 1
Mode 3, f
RF
= f
LO
/4 = 1.25MHz, measured at a
1kHz offset frequency; clutter tone at 0.9V
P-P
differential measured at the mixer input
Mode 3, RF terminated into 50Ω;
f
LO
/4 = 1.25MHz, measured at 1kHz offset
Third-Order Intermodulation
Distortion
Mixer Output Voltage Compliance
Channel-to-Channel Phase
Matching
Channel-to-Channel Gain
Matching
Mode 1, f
RF1
= 5MHz at 0.9V
P-P
differential
input, Doppler tone f
RF2
= 5.01MHz at 25dBc
from clutter tone, f
LO
/16 = 5MHz (Note 10)
(Note 11)
Measured under zero beat conditions,
f
RF
= 5MHz, f
LO
/16 = 5MHz (Note 12)
Measured under zero beat conditions,
f
RF
= 5MHz, f
LO
/16 = 5MHz (Note 12)
CW_FILTER = 1
Transconductance
(Note 13)
f
RF
= 1.1MHz at 1V
P-P
differential,
f
LO
/16 = 1MHz
f
RF
= 1.1MHz at 1V
P-P
differential,
f
LO
/16 = 1MHz
4.75
±3
±2
633
1440
6
nV/√Hz
4.6
0.9
1
7.6
7.5
100
1.8
MHz
MHz
kHz
V
P-P
differential
Ω
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
VG_CLAMP_MODE = 0,
VG_CTL set for +20dB of gain,
350mV
P-P
differential input
VG_CLAMP_MODE = 1,
VG_CTL set for +20dB of gain,
350mV
P-P
differential input
MIN
TYP
2.2
MAX
UNITS
V
P-P
differential
V
P-P
differential
MAX2036
3.4
Input-Referred Noise Voltage
IMD3
-50
dBc
12.00
V
Degrees
dB
2.8
mS
CW_FILTER = 0
(low LPF cutoff
frequency)
2.8
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5
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